The present study deals with the elastic analysis of concave thickness rotating disks made of functionally graded MATERIALs (FGMs).The analysis is carried out using ELEMENT BASED GRADATION of MATERIAL properties in radial direction over the discretized domain. The resulting deformation and stresses are evaluated for free-free boundary condition and the effect of grading index on the deformation and stresses is investigated and presented. The results obtained show that there is a significant reduction of stresses in FGM disks as compared to homogeneous disks and the disks modeled by power law FGM have better strength.

In the philosophical tradition of Islamic philosophers, the discussion of the five-fold external senses takes place BASED on a particular criterion and order. Philosophers generally believe that the order of the senses from the lowest to the highest consists of touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight, among which hearing and sight are subtler and nobler. BASED on the principles of the Transcendent Philosophy, such as the trans-substantial motion, the given order develops an ontological and perfectional aspect, which is the reason why Mulla Sadra’s discussions of the soul in relation to the external senses generally enjoy an ontological nature. The ontological level of the first three senses in the given order is always fixed; nevertheless, regarding the ontological superiority of hearing and sight over each other, some pieces of evidence testify to the superiority of hearing over the other, and some others testify otherwise. In this paper, the writers have examined and analyzed the reasons behind the ontological order of the senses BASED on the Transcendent Philosophy. Moreover, given the particular attention paid to hearing and sight, they have evaluated the reasons adduced for the ontological superiority of these two senses.

As a kind of indefinite punishment, the discretionary punishment is the most. pervasive reaction to criminality in the Islamic penal policy. The efficacy of the discretionary punishment depends on how we use it to adjust the foregoing reaction to the guilty personality. Some Shi'a jurisprudents believe that just like Prohibition of the Evil, the discretionary punishment should be used by observing GRADATION. That is, it should be started from low grades such as warning, reproaching, etc. in petty offences, and in case the wrong deed is repeated. the more severe punishments such as imprisonment can be used. In other words, if the judge knows that deterrence can be attained through slighter punishments like reproaching, he/she should not issue the whipping, imprisonment. or suchlike severe punishments in the first occurrence of a petty offence. With regard to the extensive reliance on the imprisonment and physical punishments in criminal laws and the widespread use of imprisonment by judges, even for the first-time offenders-which has led to the increased density of convicts' number in prisons - specification of the discretionary punishments can be of great use. The article explicates the viewpoints of those Islamic jurisprudents who believe in the discretionary punishment GRADATION, presents the benefits, positive effects, and challenges facing this kind of punishment, and provides a clear-cut, practical, and effective proposal that can be applied in the penal policy. In addition to the Sunni jurisprudents, some early Shi'a jurisprudents such as Sheikh Tusi (May he reside in God's paradise) and some contemporary ones such as Mirza Javad Agha Tabrizi (May he reside in God's paradise), Fazil Hendi (May he reside in God's paradise) - the author of Kashf al-Letharn-and Allameh Helli (May he reside in God's paradise) are the main adherents of this viewpoint. whose respective opinions will be examined in the article. Acceptance of the discretionary punishment GRADATION theory in the penal law can bring about several positive consequences, including reduction of the convict's number in prisons. the possibility of better planning for the fewer remaining prisoners, and the possibility of adopting rehabilitation programs for those who have committed an offence due to ignorance and obliviousness.

In logic, Avicenna recognizes a set of words-such as priority and posteriority-that have differences in being predicated on their individuals and are graded concepts. He calls such words" absolute graded" and introduces another set as "relative graded". From his examples and statements that he applied in the discussions, we concluded that: relative graded is a set of words whose individuals are common in relation to a source or end, but differ in terms of proximity and distance from that source or end. Despite absolute graded that is in existence, this type belongs to quiddities. In this study, we would explain and analyze the absolute and relative GRADATION in Avicenna's view and their role in Islamic philosophy and logic. Also, we would examine the criteria and principles of these two types of GRADATION.

Hydraulic engineering studies need to know the sizes of surface sediments exposed to flow. The conventional ways, manual measurement methods such as performing GRADATION tests (sieve analysis) in a laboratory, face many problems in determining the sizes of sediments. An algorithm has been developed to facilitate problems. By providing a number of images of the bed MATERIALs during field surveys and providing land use information, this algorithm can help accelerating processing and increasing the accuracy of modeling. To verify the accuracy and precision of this algorithm, versus the conventional soil GRADATION method, four different digital cameras (with 6, 10, 12. 1, 14 megapixels resolution) and two square-frames (0. 5 and 1 meter in size) used for imaging and sampling bed MATERIALs, in dry and under low water flow conditions, in a distance of 5 km in Sirch River, north east of Kerman. The results showed that cameras with high resolution had the least error in estimating the average diameters of MATERIALs in dry beds. However, due to the uniformity of the bed surface particles, the performance of cameras with 6 and 14 megapixels was also acceptable, so that the maximum difference in the average diameter estimation was less than 12%. The cameras with 12. 1 and 10-megapixels had lowest error in estimation the maximum particle's diameters, respectively. Furthermore, calculations carried out in the wet bed surface indicated that the results of images processing obtained from the camera with a low resolution, 6 megapixels, differ greatly from what had been obtained by other cameras, especially in distribution of the GRADATION curve and statistical characteristics of the particles. A survey on the statistical characteristics of the bed surface MATERIALs distribution showed that the average diameter, maximum diameter and deviation of the particles obtained from the camera with a resolution of 10 megapixels were greater than those obtained by other cameras. In a general conclusion, it can be stated that there is a direct relationship between these parameters: the image dimensions (frame), the resolution of the camera and its distance from the stream bed, in a way that by reducing the resolution of the camera in a fixed frame, the camera's distance from the stream bed should be increased, and vice versa. BASED on the results in the streams with fairly uniform grain distribution, any camera can be used. But in streams that have a coarse-grained or fine-grained bed, it's better to use low and high resolution cameras, respectively.

In this article complete numerical formulation for nonlinear analysis of planar structures made of hyper elastic MATERIALs with application in civil engineering is presented. Structural problems can be solved by finite ELEMENT method using complete lagrange formulation. The presented formulation is for large strain problems and is applicable for a wide range of hyper elastic nonlinear MATERIALs. Generally in nonlinear finite ELEMENT analysis large deformation and disordered mesh (distorted) is seen. As using disordered ELEMENTs, isoparametric ELEMENTs would have low precision. Hyper elastic MATERIALs like rubber are one of the most effective MATERIALs in engineering application. The high axial strength and large deformation capacity of these MATERIALs make them suitable for many applications. Theory of hyper elastic MATERIALs is proposed by references [13, 14]. These theories explain hyper elasticity behavior in complicated formulations. Therefore we are interested in studying planar hyper elastic ELEMENTs with large deformation like rubber, leather etc. Eventually planar nonlinear ELEMENTs formulation with hyper elastic behavior is presented for structures having large deformations and complete lagrange formulation is used to analyze the structure. This formulation has been developed to analyze quadrilateral finite ELEMENT models, which comparing to isoparametric 4-node ELEMENTs is less sensitive to distorted meshing and doesn't have shear locking problem generated by geometrically distorted meshing. In order to deploy 2QACM benefits in nonlinear applications, complete lagrange formulation 3Q4HY is used, numerical examples in geometric nonlinear problems have shown presented formulation's ability to prevent loss of precision in highly distorted meshing for 4-node hyper elastic ELEMENTs. To show effectiveness of presented ELEMENTs two numerical examples are presented. Q4HY ELEMENTs efficiency in nonlinear analysis of planar ELEMENTs made of hyper elastic MATERIALs is significantly obvious. The program is written in matlab environment for nonlinear analysis of hyper elastic problems. Two formulations are proposed and results have been compared with references results. Examples of rubber like problems have shown these formulations ability to analyze large strain structures. Numerical examples express four node ELEMENT has less sensitivity to distortion in meshing in nonlinear analysis and can be used with good precision when ELEMENT is diagonal, while calculated responses using 4 node isoparametric ELEMENT may be inappropriate. 4 noded ELEMENTs effect on developing a simple, applicable and valid nonlinear geometric analysis is significantly observed. Furthermore, a complete lagrangian formulation with a particular formulation by applying integration techniques to effectively establish stiffness matrix is presented. According to presented examples, the investigated ELEMENTs have great potential in solving Hyper elastic problems.

Although a significant portion of conditions encountered in geotechnical engineering, for investigating engineering behavior of soil, involves unsaturated soils; the traditional analysis and design approach has been to assume the limiting conditions of soils being either completely dry or completely saturated. In unsaturated soils the capillary force produce attractive forces between particles. Discrete ELEMENT Method (DEM) is an appropriate tool to consider the capillary effects. The calculations performed in DEM is BASED on iterative application of Newton’s second law to the particles and force-displacement law at the contacts. In the present study, the behavior of unsaturated soils in pendular regime is simulated utilizing DEM. Triaxialcompression tests were modeled as two-dimensional, considering capillary force effects. Finally, capillary effects on Macro parameters of a simulated granular soil (stress, axial strain, volumetric strain and void ratio) and Mohr Coulomb failure criteria parameters were studied.

In this paper, first the theory of Improved Applied ELEMENT Method (IAEM) is proposed and then an appropriate algorithm and software are developed for analyzing structures behavior until collapse by this method. Then, some examples of structural analysis by the above method and a software developed for this study are presented. The results show that IAEM has the ability to solve the discussed problems more accurately in less time than Finite ELEMENT Method (FEM). Moreover, the efficiency of the method for solving large displacements problems is enhanced in this research by introducing nonlinear response indicators. For modification of the stiffness matrix in the nonlinear range, a new method is presented that increases the accuracy of calculation up to 30%.

Arguments on the GRADATION of infallibility is amongst important issues which can be expounded BASED on foundations and principles of Islamic philosophy and remove many of suspicions casted on the issue of infallibility. The current research is an attempt to investigate the nature of infallibility BASED on the philosophical theory of GRADATION of existence, which provides a different content of the issue of infallibility, through a descriptive-analytical method. Thus, firstly, the major ELEMENTs and components of infallibility are extracted and then compared individually against the principle of GRADATION of existence. It was concluded that infallibility enjoys a GRADATIONal truth and therefore, each human being can possess a level of it depending on their existential capacity and the difference between the immaculate and the ordinary Man resides in the level of infallibility rather than presences or lack of this characteristic.